IPC Section 4

The provisions of this Code apply also to any offence committed by:

1. any citizen of India in any place without and beyond India;
2. any person on any ship or aircraft registered in India wherever it may be.

1. All offences under the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions hereinafter contained.
2. All offences under any other law shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions, but subject to any enactment for the lime being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences.

A “promissory note” is an instrument in writing (not being a bank-note or a currency-note) containing an unconditional undertaking, signed by the maker, to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain person, or to the bearer of the instrument.

Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act,

1. any text rule or interpretation of Hindu law or any custom or usage as part of that law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have effect with respect to any matter for which provision is made in this Act;
2. any other law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have effect in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the provisions contained in this Act.

May presume: Whenever it is proved by this Act that Court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of it.
Shall presume: whenever it is directed by this Act that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved.
Conclusive proof: When one fact is declared by this Act to be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it.

IPC Section 53

The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Sanhita are:

1. Death;
2. Imprisonment for life, that is to say, imprisonment for remainder of a person’s natural life;
3. Imprisonment, which is of two descriptions, namely:
   1. Rigorous, that is, with hard labour;
   2. Simple;
4. Forfeiture of property;
5. Fine;
6. Community Service.